New technology of mechanized conservation tillage promotes sustainable development of modern agriculture in Zhengzhou China
Mechanized conservation tillage is a new tillage technology relative to traditional tillage. Its essence is to improve the soil structure, reduce water erosion, wind erosion and nutrient loss, protect the soil, reduce water evaporation in the soil tillage layer, and effectively improve the utilization rate of Baogui water resources; Reduce labor input, simplify operation procedures, reduce the number of machinery entering the land, reduce energy consumption, improve labor productivity, and achieve the goal of efficient, low consumption and sustainable development of agriculture.
In 2002, Zhengzhou began the research and comparative demonstration test of mechanized conservation tillage technology. In 2007, it began to popularize and apply mechanized conservation tillage technology in a large area. By the end of 2016, the implementation area of mechanized conservation tillage technology reached 1.04 million mu, with 2869 no-tillage planters and 872 subsoilers; According to the continuous monitoring and comparison of the agricultural machinery department of Zhengzhou for 15 years, the implementation of mechanized conservation tillage technology can reduce operating costs, save chemical fertilizers, increase grain production and other annual income and expenditure savings of 145 yuan per mu. At present, the promotion of this technology has led to an annual income and expenditure increase of about 150 million yuan in Zhengzhou.
1、 Main contents of mechanized conservation tillage technology
（1） Definition of mechanized conservation tillage
Mechanized conservation tillage is an advanced agricultural farming technology that implements no-tillage and less tillage for farmland, reduces soil tillage as much as possible (until seeds can emerge), and covers the surface with crop straw to reduce soil wind erosion and water erosion, and improves soil fertility and drought resistance. It mainly includes four technical contents: 1 Reform the traditional tillage method of plowing the soil with the moldboard plough, and implement no tillage or less tillage; 2. Cover the surface with crop straw and stubble, cover the soil with straw and fix the soil with stubble while fertilizing the soil, protect the soil, reduce wind erosion, water erosion and ineffective evaporation of water, and improve the utilization rate of natural precipitation; 3. Adopt no-tillage (less) seeding technology to realize trenching, seeding, fertilization, pesticide application, soil covering and compaction on the surface covered by stubble, simplify the process, reduce the number of machinery entering the land, and reduce the cost of agricultural machinery operation; 4. Change mechanical tillage to control weeds by spraying herbicides or mechanical topsoil operation.
（2） Key technologies of mechanized conservation tillage
The key technologies of mechanized conservation tillage mainly include: straw residue treatment, no-tillage (less) seeding, mechanized deep loosening, weed and pest control, and soil improvement. The five technologies complement each other and promote each other to ensure the full play of the benefits of mechanized conservation tillage technology. Among them, straw residue treatment technology is the basis of mechanized conservation tillage, and the quality of straw coverage is directly related to the success of the implementation of mechanized conservation tillage technology; The no-tillage (less) seeding technology is the guarantee for the implementation of mechanized conservation tillage technology. Without a no-tillage seeder with good performance and reliable use, it is impossible to achieve the seeding operation on the surface of no-tillage and straw coverage. These two technologies are the core technologies of mechanized conservation tillage.
1. Straw residue treatment technology: crop straw is a by-product of agricultural production and an important biomass resource with large quantity and wide distribution. According to statistics, China's annual production of more than 600 million tons of straw contains more than 3 million tons of nitrogen and more than 700000 tons of phosphorus. The content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium exceeds 1/4 of China's current fertilizer application. In addition, there are a large number of trace elements and organic matter in straw that inorganic fertilizers do not have. However, with the development of agricultural productivity, the improvement of farmers' living standards and the lag of straw comprehensive utilization, the phenomenon of burning straw in order to compete for agricultural time has emerged in many areas, resulting in serious environmental pollution and waste of biomass resources. Mechanized conservation tillage technology itself requires covering the surface with straw to achieve water and soil conservation, while straw returning to the field can also increase soil fertility. Therefore, the promotion and implementation of mechanized conservation tillage technology is an effective way to comprehensively utilize straw.
2. Free (less) tillage, fertilization and seeding technology: the soil condition that affects the seeding quality is the quality of the seed bed, including the land flatness, soil fertility, soil bulk density, soil water content, etc. In traditional farming, it is required that the soil moisture content is appropriate, the surface is flat, fine, loose, and free of other sundries that affect the seeding quality. However, the land that implements mechanized conservation tillage technology can not meet all the above conditions. The biggest difference is that the surface is hard and flat, and there is a large amount of straw and stubble coverage. Therefore, free (less) tillage seeding is an important part of mechanized conservation tillage, and the quality of seeding directly affects the benefits of mechanized conservation tillage technology.
（3） Basic principles of mechanized conservation tillage technology
Mechanized conservation tillage technology is based on soil and water conservation. Through no-tillage, less tillage, crop straw surface covering and other technical means, it can reduce soil tillage times, reduce soil wind erosion and water erosion, improve soil water storage and moisture retention capacity, save costs, increase crop yield and increase benefits. Therefore, the basic principle of mechanized conservation tillage technology can be summarized as "three less and two higher", that is, less soil movement, less exposure, less pollution, high conservation and high efficiency.
1. Less soil movement: traditional tillage methods such as stubble removal, tillage and rotary tillage have a large amount of soil movement and serious soil wind and water erosion. Compared with the traditional farming method, less soil movement is not completely immobile, but can make crops grow and develop normally by reasonably reducing the disturbance of machinery to the soil. Mechanized conservation tillage technology reduces the number of tillage times or area of soil, and avoids the occurrence of soil moisture emission and wind erosion after large-scale tillage and rotary tillage. It is mainly to replace stubble removal, tillage, rotary tillage and other tillage methods by no-tillage (less tillage), subsoiling and other technologies, effectively use the biological role in the soil to replace mechanical tillage, and reduce the disturbance to the soil.
2. Less exposure: traditional tillage methods such as stubble removal, tilling, and rotary tillage have low straw coverage, bare farmland, large soil moisture evaporation, serious soil wind and water erosion, and are prone to cause dust storms. Mechanized conservation tillage technology reduces surface exposure, reduces soil water evaporation and soil erosion, and improves soil water storage and retention capacity through crop stubble, straw and green vegetation coverage.
3. Less pollution: the utilization rate of straw in traditional farming methods is low, and the environment is polluted by random stacking and burning; Large amounts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides cause soil and groundwater pollution. Mechanized conservation tillage technology uses straw, stubble mulching and supporting water and fertilizer control technology to reduce the atmospheric pollution caused by straw burning, reduce the pollution of groundwater and soil caused by excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and play a role in protecting the ecological environment.
4. High conservation: traditional farming methods have a large amount of soil movement and serious soil moisture loss. Free (less) tillage technology reduces the number or intensity of tillage, maintains the natural structure of soil, avoids the loss of soil water due to tillage, and plays a role in preserving soil moisture; Straw mulching on the surface can effectively inhibit soil water evaporation, effectively reduce the impact of surface runoff and rain, increase rainfall infiltration into the soil, and reduce soil erosion; Deep subsoiling technology can break the bottom of plough, store natural precipitation and improve water use efficiency.
5. High efficiency: the traditional farming method has many field operation procedures, which are tedious, time-consuming, time-consuming and high input cost. The mechanized protective farming technology can directly or indirectly bring economic benefits to farmers. On the one hand, mechanized conservation tillage technology simplifies the process, reduces the operating costs, improves the crop growth environment, increases the grain yield, saves labor, and directly increases income; On the other hand, after the adoption of mechanized conservation tillage technology, the surplus labor force can go out to work, indirectly increasing the income of farmers.
2、 The significance of mechanized conservation tillage
1. Effective water storage and moisture conservation
The main function of mechanized conservation tillage is to store water and keep moisture. Protective tillage techniques such as no-tillage, less tillage and straw mulch can significantly increase the soil moisture content and play the role of water storage and moisture conservation. According to the monitoring results, compared with bare cultivation, the soil moisture content of straw mulch is 12.86% higher than that of bare cultivation.
2. Reduce soil erosion
Compared with traditional tillage technology, mechanized conservation tillage technology can significantly reduce wind erosion and water erosion. According to the monitoring results, the amount of soil wind erosion and water erosion of mechanized conservation tillage decreased by 13.30% and 17.90% compared with traditional tillage; Mechanized conservation tillage can reduce surface runoff by 50% - 60% and soil loss by about 80%; Protective tillage technologies such as less tillage and no tillage reduce the disturbance to soil, and crop roots play a role in soil consolidation. In addition, the surface is covered with stubble and crop straw all year round, which greatly reduces the erosion of rainfall on the surface soil, and plays a role in reducing wind erosion and water erosion.
3. Fertilization and soil conservation
The important role of mechanized conservation tillage is to improve the content of soil organic matter, improve soil fertility, and realize the sustainable use of soil resources. The traditional farming method "reuse and light cultivation" leads to the decline of soil organic matter. The implementation of mechanized conservation tillage technology can make the crop stubble or straw directly return to the field and rot, significantly improve the content of soil organic matter, and play a role in improving soil fertility. According to relevant research, the content of organic matter in the 10 cm topsoil of the plot with three years of conservation tillage is 25% higher than that of the plot with traditional tillage method.
4. Improve soil structure
Mechanized conservation tillage can adjust soil porosity and improve soil structure. The traditional farming method makes the soil harden and the bottom of the plough thicken, which is not conducive to the growth and development of crop roots. Compared with traditional tillage, mechanized conservation tillage has a trend of decreasing soil bulk density and soil hardness in 0-40 cm soil layer, increasing total porosity, and making the ratio of solid phase, liquid phase and gas phase more reasonable; With straw mulching technology, the soil porosity of 0~10cm increased, and the soil bulk density decreased by 0.09~0.103g/cm3 compared with the control field. After two years of straw mulching, the soil porosity increased by 13.10%~8.37% compared with conventional tillage. The implementation of mechanized conservation tillage technology can reduce soil bulk density, increase soil porosity, adjust the solid, liquid and gas ratio of soil, thus improving soil structure and providing a good environment for the growth and development of crop roots.
5. Reduce operating costs and increase grain output
Mechanized conservation tillage technology: machinery can enter the land to complete multiple operations at one time, saving the procedures of straw cleaning, land preparation, compaction and watering, reducing energy consumption costs and increasing economic benefits. Mechanized conservation tillage can reduce the links of tillage and land preparation, and the cost per hectare can be reduced by 500~700 yuan; In arid areas, the implementation of conservation tillage technology can save fertilizer, water, labor and energy consumption by more than 750 yuan per hectare; The implementation of conservation tillage can increase the yield of grain crops by 15%~17% to varying degrees.
6. Reduce the atmospheric pollution caused by straw burning and effectively avoid the harm of sandstorm
Mechanized conservation tillage is one of the main ways to prevent sandstorms, which can effectively improve the ecological environment and promote the harmonious development of human and nature. Mechanized conservation tillage uses straw returning and mulching technology to reduce the atmospheric pollution caused by the burning of crop straw in traditional agriculture, and also reduce the occurrence of fire. Relevant research shows that the anti-wind erosion ability of soil using no-tillage and mulching technology can be increased by more than 20%.
7. Enhance farmers' awareness of scientific farming and farming
By holding on-site meetings of mechanized conservation tillage, holding technical training courses, setting up large area demonstration areas and other measures, publicize the importance of mechanized conservation tillage for agricultural production and efficiency, farmers' income and protection of the natural environment, increase farmers' awareness of the importance of promoting mechanized conservation tillage, enhance farmers' awareness of scientific farming, scientific land use, and scientific farming, and create learning knowledge Use the positive atmosphere of technology to improve the overall quality of farmers.
8. Improve the overall level of agricultural mechanization and promote the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy
The application of agricultural machinery is the basis of mechanized conservation tillage, and the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy is the key to the large-scale application of this technology. Only by integrating agricultural machinery and agronomy can mechanized conservation tillage be popularized and applied in a large scale and in a large area, and promote the sustainable development of agriculture.
3、 Technical mode and operation specification of mechanized conservation tillage in Zhengzhou
Zhengzhou City belongs to the Huang-Huai-Hai two-crop flat cropping area, and the mechanized conservation tillage technology mode is mainly wheat-maize double cropping a year.
（1） Regional characteristics
Zhengzhou has a warm temperate continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, long and dry winter, and few rain and snow; Spring is dry with little rain, more drought in spring, and more changeable cold and warm wind; Summer is relatively hot and precipitation is highly concentrated; In autumn, the climate is cool and the time is short; The planting mode is mainly two crops a year, and the main crops are wheat, corn and peanut. The main technical problems faced by traditional farming agriculture in Zhengzhou are as follows: the "wheat corn" double cropping system produces a large amount of straw, which is difficult to use, and straw burning causes serious air pollution; The investment in chemical fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and mechanical operations is large, resulting in the continuous increase of agricultural production costs; Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides causes soil and groundwater pollution; The intensity of land use is large, and it is difficult to maintain farmland fertility; There is a shortage of water resources, serious groundwater overdraft and excessive irrigation water.
（2） Main technical modes
Corn combine harvester harvests corn (or picks ears manually) → mechanical crushing of straw returns to the field → no-tillage mulch seeder sows wheat → mechanical spraying of herbicide → mechanical topdressing → mechanical plant protection (disease and pest control) → combine harvester harvests wheat → appropriate mechanical deep loosening → no-tillage mulch seeder sows corn → mechanical spraying of herbicide → mechanical topdressing → mechanical plant protection (disease and pest control) → corn combine harvester harvests corn (or manual picking).
1. The technical model of no-tillage direct seeding with wheat and corn straw returning to the field
Integrate the wheat mechanized harvesting and crushing technology, the corn no-tillage direct seeding technology, the corn straw mechanized crushing and returning technology, as well as the timely seeding technology, water-saving irrigation technology, and simplified and efficient fertilization technology, to achieve the goal of simplifying operation, reducing energy consumption, reducing production costs, and improving soil fertility and saving irrigation water.
Its technical points include: harvesting wheat with combine harvester equipped with straw crushing and scattering device to realize the full return of wheat straw to the field; The corn straw crusher crushes the standing corn straw for 1-2 times to make the corn straw crushed and returned to the field; The no-tillage fertilization and seeding technology shall be adopted for wheat and corn. The seeder shall have good trafficability and reliability to avoid being blocked by straw weeds and affecting the seeding quality; To control diseases, pests and weeds, and comprehensively control weeds by combining herbicide spraying, mechanical weeding and manual weeding.
2. The technical model of returning wheat and corn straw to the field with less tillage
This model also focuses on the application of wheat mechanized harvesting and crushing technology and corn straw mechanized crushing and returning technology. However, when corn straw is treated and sown, rotary tillage and sowing method is adopted to simplify operation, reduce production costs, and return straw to the field in full quantity to improve soil fertility and save irrigation water.
Its technical points include: harvesting wheat with combine harvester equipped with straw crushing and scattering device, realizing full return of wheat straw to the field, no-tillage seeding of corn, mechanical and chemical weeding; After the autumn corn harvest, the straw is crushed and returned to the field by rotary tillage, and wheat is sown for disease, insect and grass control and reasonable irrigation.
（3） Technical specifications
The agricultural machinery department of Zhengzhou has formulated the technical specifications for mechanized conservation tillage of wheat and corn continuous cropping in Zhengzhou through years of comparative monitoring, analysis and research on the project demonstration area.
1. Technical specification for wheat no-tillage and mulch seeding mechanization
(1) Soil moisture: the soil moisture content suitable for sowing wheat is 16%~20%. If the soil moisture is predicted to be insufficient at the time of sowing, it should be irrigated about 15 days before the harvest of corn; (2) Straw treatment: corn straw is returned to the field after being crushed by a combine harvester or straw returning machine; (3) Plot preparation: the plot for wheat no-tillage mulching and seeding shall be flat, free of stones and ditches to facilitate mechanical operation; (4) Select excellent varieties and seed treatment; (5) Fertilization: scientific fertilization shall be conducted according to the results of soil nutrient test; (6) Sowing date: October 8 to October 18 for semi-winter varieties and October 15 to October 22 for weak spring varieties; (7) Sowing amount: generally, the sowing amount per mu is 8~13 kg, which is 10% more than that of local traditional farming; (8) Sowing depth: generally, the sowing depth is 2-4cm, slightly shallower than that of traditional farming; (9) Row spacing: wide and narrow rows should be used for sowing, generally 26 cm wide and 12 cm narrow rows for watering; The dry land is 20 cm wide and 12 cm narrow; (10) Before sowing, check and adjust the seeder to make it work normally; (11) Trial operation: trial operation shall be conducted before operation, and the no-tillage planter shall be adjusted to meet the requirements before formal operation; (12) Field management: timely replanting in case of missing seedlings and broken ridges during seedling emergence; Water and fertilizer management shall be carried out according to weather, moisture content and seedling conditions during the growing period; Chemical weeding after sowing and before seedling emergence and early spring; During the growth period, the seedling condition shall be checked in time, and pesticide shall be sprayed in time in case of disease and pest.
2. Technical specification for maize no-tillage and mulch seeding mechanization
(1) Harvesting and straw treatment: use the combine harvester equipped with straw crushing and scattering device to harvest wheat; (2) Deep loosening operation: in the early stage of mechanized conservation tillage, if there is a bottom plough, deep loosening operation shall be carried out, and deep loosening shall be carried out once every 3-5 years during the implementation of mechanized conservation tillage; (3) Select excellent varieties: select the mid-early mature and high-quality hybrid varieties recommended by the agricultural department with moderate growth period, high and stable yield, strong resistance to disease and stress, and the seed purity shall not be less than 97%, and the germination rate shall not be less than 85%; (4) Seeding date: the end of May and the first ten days of June, after the wheat harvest, should be immediately scrambled for sowing; (5) Sowing amount: in high-yield fields with good water, fertilizer and soil conditions, the sowing amount is generally 3~3.5 kg per mu; (6) Sowing depth: generally 4~6 cm. If the soil is sticky and has good moisture content, the sowing depth is 3-5 cm. For loose sandy soil, the sowing depth is 6-8 cm, but the maximum depth cannot exceed 10 cm; (7) Row spacing: for wide and narrow row planting, the width row is generally 80 cm, and the width row is 40 cm; The row spacing of equispaced planting is 60 cm; (8) Reasonable fertilization: The fertilizer should be granular compound fertilizer or compound fertilizer with more than 40% of the effective nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The application rate should be 2.5~5 kg per mu. The fertilizer should be applied 5.5 cm below the side of the corn seed to avoid direct contact between the fertilizer and the seed; (9) Check and adjust the corn no-tillage cover seeder before operation; (10) Trial sowing: trial sowing shall be carried out before sowing to check the consistency of sowing depth and seeding uniformity, and check whether the row spacing, plant spacing, soil covering, and compaction can meet the agronomic requirements. Normal operation shall be carried out after adjustment; (11) Field management: in case of lack of seedlings and broken ridges after emergence, replanting or transplanting shall be carried out in time; Spray chemical herbicide in a timely and appropriate amount. Generally, spray chemical herbicide after sowing and before 2-3 leaves of corn; During the childbearing period, drought and waterlogging prevention should be done well; Apply fertilizer in time, and generally apply fertilizer twice in the whole growth period of corn; In case of diseases and insect pests, timely apply medicine to prevent them; (12) Harvest at the end of corn ripening.
4、 Operating requirements and precautions of main machinery and tools for mechanized conservation tillage
1. Wheat no-tillage planter
(1) The walking route of the wheat no-tillage planter should be based on the actual situation, and the best plan should be selected. There should be a landing line at the top of the ground, and finally the horizontal head of the ground should be sown;
(2) Before the unit works, it shall send a signal to confirm that all personnel are in a safe position before starting work;
(3) During the seeding process, the forward speed should be uniform, not fast or slow, and not to stop or reverse halfway to prevent damage to the trencher;
(4) When turning the headland, it is necessary to raise the wheat no-tillage planter to avoid wasting seeds or damaging the trencher;
(5) When seeding, observe the rower at all times to see if it is walking at the specified position. If there is no rower, pay attention to the distance between the rower and the adjacent row to ensure that the row spacing is consistent;
(6) Pay attention to the quantity of seeds in the seed box when seeding, and add seeds in time when the seeds in the seed box are less than one third;
(7) Regularly observe whether the seed-metering device, fertilizer discharger, transport device, ditch opener and seed (fertilizer) pipe work normally, and immediately stop the machine for troubleshooting in case of failure; If missed seeding is found in the process of seeding, the missed seeding shall be marked immediately for subsequent replanting;
(8) During no-tillage seeding, the appropriate advance speed shall be determined according to the growth trend of the previous crop of corn and under the condition that the broken soil and straw crushing meet the technical requirements;
(9) Frequently observe whether the trencher and scarifier are clogged with soil and tangled with grass, and whether the roller is too sticky with soil. If yes, stop the machine for cleaning;
(10) If it is necessary to change the seed varieties, the seed box should be cleaned to prevent the varieties from mixing, and the sowing amount should be adjusted appropriately according to the agronomic requirements and the characteristics of the varieties;
(11) When the unit is working, it is forbidden to lubricate, fasten and remove faults, and it is forbidden to get up and down or sit on the seed box and rack;
(12) It is necessary to ensure that the straw coverage rate is above the technical requirements after wheat no-tillage sowing.
2. Maize no-tillage planter
(1) When sowing, the operator should concentrate on the sowing line with good linearity and consistent spacing between adjacent lines;
(2) When seeding, ensure that the machines and tools move forward at a constant speed, not fast or slow. Try not to stop during seeding to avoid uneven seeding;
(3) The working conditions of the trencher and soil cover shall be observed frequently, and the vehicle shall be stopped and cleaned in time if there is grass entanglement and soil blocking;
(4) Always observe the working conditions of the seed metering device, fertilizer metering device and transmission mechanism, and immediately stop the machine for troubleshooting in case of failure;
(5) During operation, it is strictly forbidden to squat on the rack, and it is strictly forbidden to reverse and turn when the seeder is not lifted;
(6) It is necessary to ensure that the straw coverage rate is above the technical requirements after maize no-tillage sowing.
5、 Main equipment and selection principles for mechanized conservation tillage
1. Supporting machines and tools for mechanized conservation tillage
Mechanized protective tillage technical machines and tools are divided into two categories: key machines and tools and general machines and tools: key machines and tools include no tillage cover seeder, subsoiler and shallower. The relevant general machines include straw crushing and returning machine, spray, disc harrow, etc.
Because mechanized conservation tillage technology is used in fields with straw or stubble, it has high requirements on the performance and structure of machines and tools, especially the key machines and tools. Especially the no-tillage planter, whose structure is more complex than the ordinary planter, has higher performance requirements.
There are many types of machines and tools used in the implementation of mechanized conservation tillage technology. The performance classification and model performance of the machines and tools currently used vary greatly, and most of them have the characteristics of one machine with multiple functions, one machine with multiple functions, convenient adjustment, stable performance, and large power of the supporting host machine. Therefore, in use, users should scientifically and reasonably configure the machines and tools and supporting host in each link from the perspective of economy and practicality according to their own economic conditions and local climate, soil, planting mode and other natural conditions.
2. Selection principles of main machinery and tools for mechanized conservation tillage technology
(1) Select the model with promotion license;
(2) Select models suitable for local agronomic requirements and planting patterns;
(3) Select mature models of large-scale enterprises;
(4) If conditions permit, try to select the duplex operation model, complete multiple operation procedures at one time, save operation costs, strive for agricultural time, improve work efficiency, and save costs and increase efficiency.
3. Performance requirements of wheat no-tillage planter: (1) uniformity coefficient of variation of displacement of each row ≤ 3.9%; (2) Coefficient of variation of total displacement stability ≤ 1.3%; (3) Seed crushing rate ≤ 0.5%; (4) The qualified rate of seeding depth ≥ 75% (± 1 cm is qualified); (5) Coefficient of variation of seeding uniformity ≤ 40% (by 10 cm); (6) The coefficient of variation of consistency of fertilizer discharge in each row is ≤ 13%, the coefficient of variation of stability of total fertilizer discharge is ≤ 7.8%, the rate of broken fertilizer strip is ＜ 3%, the coefficient of variation of uniformity of fertilizer discharge is ≤ 40%, and the accuracy of fertilizer position is ≥ 70%; (7) In addition to the functions of traditional seeder such as trenching, seeding and fertilization, it should also have good functions of blocking prevention, soil penetration, soil covering and compaction.
4. Performance requirements of corn no-tillage planter: (1) Seeding performance and precision index: grain spacing qualified index ≥ 75%, replanting index ≤ 75%, missed seeding index ≤ 13%; (2) Seed damage rate: mechanical type ≤ 1.5%, pneumatic type ≤ 0.5%; (3) Seeding depth: the qualified rate is not less than 80% (± 1 cm is qualified); (4) Consistent line spacing: the maximum deviation of line spacing within the same broadcast is ≤ 4 cm; (5) Fertilization: the consistency variation coefficient of fertilizer output in each row ≤ 13%, the stability variation coefficient of total fertilizer output ≤ 7.8%, the broken rate of fertilizer output ＜ 3%, the uniformity variation coefficient of fertilizer output ≤ 40%, and the accuracy rate of fertilizer location ≥ 70%.
5. Deep scarifier: the deep scarifier is used to loosen the soil, break the bottom of the plough, but do not turn the soil. According to the nature of operation, it can be divided into two types: local deep loosening and comprehensive deep loosening; According to the structural principle, it can be divided into chisel type deep loosening, wing shovel type deep loosening, vibration deep loosening, goose foot type deep loosening, etc. Due to the different structural characteristics of different subsoiling machines and tools, the operation performance is also different, and the applicable soil and cultivated land types are also changed. Generally speaking, for the purpose of loosening the soil and breaking the bottom of the plough, the comprehensive deep loosening method is often used; The local deep loosening method is often used for breaking the bottom of the plough and storing water. Heavy-duty deep scarifier with wings, with a large amount of groundbreaking and a large depth of operation, is suitable for cotton and peanut plots before the leisure period; The chisel type interval deep scarifier is suitable for deep scarifying between wide rows of crops due to its small amount of soil movement; Vibratory subsoiler, with medium soil movement, can loosen the soil surface completely, and is suitable for deep loosening before wheat sowing.
6、 Development prospect of mechanized conservation tillage technology
In recent years, the Party Central Committee and the State Council have attached great importance to the development of mechanized conservation tillage and put forward the development requirements of resource conservation, environmental friendliness and social harmony, which not only provides a policy basis for the development of mechanized conservation tillage, but also provides a favorable opportunity for accelerating the popularization of mechanized conservation tillage. At the same time, in recent years, the implementation of the central policy of supporting and benefiting agriculture has been continuously strengthened, and the enthusiasm of farmers to purchase agricultural machinery to develop agricultural mechanization has increased, which has created a good opportunity for actively promoting mechanized protective farming. China's mechanized protective farming will enter a period of rapid development in the next few years.
Text source: Zhengzhou Agricultural Machinery Administration
